Ammonium Sulfate:  Nutrient Source Specifics

I've helped write a series of fact sheets about the properties of some of the most common commercial fertilizers entitled "Nutrient Source Specifics".  They are all available at ipni.net/specifics

I'll post them here too because people searching the web always seem to be looking for this type of information.
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Ammonium sulfate varies in color

 Ammonium Sulfate

Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] was one of the first and most widely used nitrogen (N) fertilizers for crop production. It is now less commonly used, but especially valuable where both N and sulfur (S) are required. Its high solubility provides versatility for a number of agricultural applications.

  Production

Ammonium sulfate (sometimes abbreviated as AS or AMS) has been produced for over
150 years. Initially, it was made from ammonia released during manufacturing coal gas
(used to illuminate cities) or from coal coke used to produce steel. It is made from a reaction of sulfuric acid and heated ammonia. The size of the resulting crystals is determined by controlling the reaction conditions. When the desired size is achieved, the crystals are dried and screened to specific particle sizes. Some materials are coated with a conditioner to reduce dust and caking.
Most of the current demand for ammonium sulfate is met by production from by-products of various industries. For example, ammonium sulfate is a co-product in the manufacturing process of nylon. Certain by-products that contain ammonia or spent
sulfuric acid are commonly converted to ammonium sulfate for use in agriculture. Although the color can range from white to beige, it is consistently sold as a highly soluble crystal that has excellent storage properties. The particle size can vary depending on its intended purpose.

Agricultural Use

Ammonium sulfate can be brown

Ammonium sulfate is used primarily where there is a need for supplemental
N and S to meet the nutritional requirement of growing plants. Since it contains only 21% N, there are other fertilizer sources that are more concentrated and economical to handle and transport. However, it provides an excellent source of S which has numerous essential functions in plants, including protein synthesis.
Because the N fraction is present in the ammonium form, ammonium sulfate is frequently used in flooded soils for rice production, where nitrate-based fertilizers are a poor choice due to denitrification losses.
A solution containing dissolved ammonium sulfate is often added to post-emergence herbicide sprays to improve their effectiveness at weed control. This practice of increasing herbicide efficacy with ammonium sulfate is particularly effective when the water supply contains significant concentrations of calcium, magnesium, or sodium. A high-purity grade of ammonium sulfate is often used for this purpose to avoid plugging spray nozzles.

Management Practices

After addition to soil, the ammonium sulfate rapidly dissolves into its ammonium and sulfate components. If it remains on the soil surface, the ammonium may be susceptible to gaseous loss in alkaline conditions. In these situations, incorporation of the material into the soil as soon as possible...or application before an irrigation event or a predicted rainfall...is advisable. Most plants are able to utilize both ammonium and nitrate forms of N for growth. In warm soils, microbes will rapidly begin to convert ammonium to nitrate in the process of nitrification.

[2 NH4+ + 3O2  --> 2NO3- + 2H2O + 4H+]

During this microbial reaction, acidity [H+] is released, which will ultimately decrease soil pH after repeated use. Ammonium sulfate has an acidifying effect on soil due to the nitrification process…not from the presence of sulfate, which has a negligible effect on pH. The acid-producing potential of ammonium sulfate is greater than the same N application from ammonium nitrate, for example, since all the N in ammonium sulfate will be converted to nitrate, while only half of the N from ammonium nitrate will be converted to nitrate.

Non Agricultural Uses

Ammonium sulfate is commonly added to bread products as a dough conditioner. It is also a component in fire extinguisher powder and flame-proofing agents. It is used for many applications in the chemical, wood pulp, textile, and pharmaceutical industries.

The pdf version of this factsheet is available here

Magnesium: An overlooked nutrient?

Magnesium nutrition of plants is frequently overlooked and shortages can adversely impact plant growth.  Many essential functions require adequate Mg supplies... the most visible being its role in chlorophyll and photosynthesis... but less visible reactions are also dependent on an adequate supply of Mg.  When needed, a variety of soluble and slowly soluble Mg sources are available to meet crop demands.

Here is a brief article that I wrote about the topic:
Magnesium: An overlooked nutrient?


 It summarizes two articles that were earlier written in the magazine Better Crops.

They can be found at:

Magnesium: A Forgotten Element in Crop Production

Ismail Cakmak and Atilla M. Yazici. 2010. Better Crops 94(2):23-25.

Soil and Fertilizer Magnesium

Robert Mikkelsen. Better Crops. 2010. 94(2):26-28.

What is in your nitrogen budget?

Nitrogen cycle in soil

Nitrate fertilizer management is under intense discussion in California.  A newly released report by the University of California has documented the wide-spread presence of nitrate in groundwater in major agricultural regions (groundwaternitrate.ucdavis.edu).  As a result of these studies, state regulatory agencies are now proposing a variety of steps to help improve nitrogen fertilizer management.

With closer scrutiny on nitrogen fertilization practices, farmers are being asked to balance the inputs of nitrogen on each field with the amount of nitrogen removed during harvest.  This is similar to balancing a checkbook where all deposits must be reconciled the withdrawals. You will be hearing more about how to do this for your clients in the coming months.

Before you begin to construct your nitrogen budget, the first step is to estimate a realistic yield for each field and crop.  This allows you to calculate how much nitrogen will be removed in the harvested crop.  Remember that it will take more nitrogen to grow a plant than the quantity removed in the harvested portion since leaves, roots, and other plant parts are often left in the field. This website is useful in estimating nutrient removal during harvest: (www.plants.usda.gov.npk).

Nitrogen Inputs to Know:

● Residual nitrogen in the soil.  Soil testing will provide valuable information on how much nitrate is present in the rootzone before you begin the growing season.  Be sure to consider where the growing roots will be and then sample in this zone.  Always try to keep the amount of residual nitrate in the soil as low as possible when there is no active plant growth.

Field with vegetable transplants

● Nitrogen release from crop residue, manure, and soil organic matter.  Organic matter will slowly release nutrients during the growing season.  Some organic materials will release nitrogen very quickly (a week or two), while other materials (such as stable composts) can require months or years to release their nutrients.  Release of nitrogen from soil organic matter is a slow and steady process in most California agricultural soils.

● Irrigation water may already contain significant amounts of nitrate.  The amount of nitrate added with the water during the growing season should be considered in the total nitrogen supply.  Using nitrate in the irrigation water is sometimes called “pump and fertilize”.  Be sure to have the irrigation water analyzed to know what you are adding. Each ppm of nitrate-nitrogen contributes 2.7 pounds of N with each acre foot of water (for example, irrigation water with a concentration of 10 ppm nitrate-nitrogen would supply 27 lb N in one acre foot of water)

Liquid fertilizer added to irrigation water

● Nitrogen fertilizer makes up the difference to meet crop demand.  Once all the sources of nitrogen are accounted for, the remaining crop requirement can be met by added fertilizer.  Not all of the added fertilizer will end up in the crop since there are always some unavoidable losses, but these can be kept to a minimum.

You already know that there is a lot of skill and art required to manage fertilizer nitrogen.  This involves using your local expertise to decide issues such as:

Right Source: Nitrogen fertilizers are most commonly supplied as nitrate, ammonium, or urea.  Each one of these behaves differently in the soil.  You may want to consider if some of the nitrogen inhibitors (urease inhibitors or nitrification inhibitors) may work for you to keep nitrogen in its place.  New controlled-release fertilizers may also provide some excellent management options.

High-yielding strawberries

Right Rate: This can be a difficult number to define.  We have good general recommendations from sources such as the University of California, but fields often have low and high-yielding areas and then yields may fluctuate due to weather or alternate bearing factors.  Careful record keeping over multiple years will help document realistic yield goals and in developing an appropriate fertilizer plan.  Using tools such as soil nitrate testing, petiole analysis, or tissue testing will provide valuable feedback during the growing season with which management decisions can be made.

Even simple practices such as periodically calibrating the fertilizer spreader or performing maintenance on fertilizer injection equipment will make sure the right rate is being added. 

Right Time:  Do you need an application of starter fertilizer and what type of nitrogen is most appropriate (urea, ammonium, or nitrate)?  How will the crop respond to split applications of N?  How many splits are desirable or feasible?  When does the crop have the greatest demand for nitrogen?  Applying nitrogen too early or too late for the specific crop will result in lost yield, reduced quality, and wasted fertilizer.

Right Place: Plant nutrients need to be near the roots to be effective.  Some nitrogen sources move easily with water, while others are less mobile.  Are you using water to move the nitrogen to the root zone?  If so, don’t over irrigate or else nitrate can be pushed below the rootzone and be lost.  It is not practical to use foliar fertilization for the majority of the crop requirement, but it may have a role in fine-tuning plant nutrition during the growing season.

Irrigated onions

Watch your irrigation practices: All the careful attention to nitrogen management can be cancelled out by misapplication of irrigation water.  Nitrate and urea are very soluble and move freely with water in the soil.  When irrigation water moves past the root zone, it carries these nutrients with it.  Meeting plant water demands while avoiding nitrogen leaching is very challenging, especially with shallow-rooted crops.  Extra water additions for salt management should take place after the growing season when nitrate concentrations in the soil are at their lowest.  Appropriate irrigation and careful nitrogen management are inextricably linked.

Irrigated sugarbeets

 We will be hearing much more about nitrogen management in the years to come.  Take time to review these fundamentals so you will be ready to help your clients with their crop nutrition needs.

 Robert Mikkelsen, International Plant Nutrition Institute, Merced, CA,  rmikkelsen@ipni.net,

  http://works.bepress.com/robert_mikkelsen/14/